God created the world and mankind in the 7 days of creation. It thwarted the theory of evolution and was used by the church to rule medieval peoples for nearly a thousand years.

Cuvier reconstructed the skeletons of ancient creatures. They were not any existing creatures. So he proposed catastrophism to reconcile religion and reality. The periodic extinction and rebirth of species led to diversity.

Lamarckism believes that organisms evolve from simple to complex. Organs that are used more frequently are more developed to adapt to environment and are passed on to offspring (inheritance of acquired traits). Organs that are not used will decline.

During the Beagle voyage, Darwin experienced the Chilean earthquake. He discovered huge ancient fossils, Greater rhea and Lesser rhea, and Darwin's finches in the Galápagos Islands. He was inspired by Thomas Malthus to propose evolution theory.

Theory of evolution was met with fierce opposition from creationists as it was proposed. Huxley and Wilberforce had a debate at Oxford University Museum. The bishop joked that Huxley's ancestors were monkeys. Huxley was given title of Darwin's Bulldog.

Tennessee, US introduced the Butler Act to prevent evolution from eroding Christianity. ACLU instigated John Scopes to violate the Act deliberately. As a result, the famous interesting Scopes monkey trial broke out. The conflict between theology and science in the 20th century.

Individuals have different traits. Environmental adapted traits are left by natural selection.3 type of natural selection: stabilizing selection, disruptive selection, directional selection.

Frequency-Dependent Selection and Heterozygote Advantage are two type of balance selection that contribute to maintaining certain phenotypes in an oscillating equilibrium.

Darwin first propose artificial selection. People select for favorable traits and completely eliminate other individuals to achieve a rapid evolution of species. One famous example is the goldfish breeding history.

The heterosis or outbreeding enhancement: offspring of different strain parents exhibit better traits, such as higher yield, disease resistance. It is widely used in agriculture and livestock farming.

Inorganic matter in the hadean ocean formed organic matter due to high temperature and lightning. Organics were catalyzed by clay to make macromolecular organics that assembled self-replicating vesicles - primordial cells.

The earliest life LUCA originated from white chimneys also called submarine alkaline hydrothermal vents on the hadean ocean floor. Proton gradients and iron-sulfur catalysts are key to geochemical evolution of life.

Luca evolved as an anaerobic prokaryote that use inorganic matter to make organic matter. The earliest ones that would photosynthesize were purple bacteria. Blue-green algae photosynthesize to release oxygen to kill anaerobic organisms, consume methane, and bring the earth into an ice age.

Endosymbiotic theories are divided into the Mitochondrion late model and the Mitochondrion early model. Archaea engulfed an aerobically respiring prokaryote that evolved into a mitochondrion.

The most widely accepted hypothesis is the endosymbiosis. A eukaryote engulfed a photosynthetic blue green algae and established an endosymbiotic relationship with it, ultimately became the plastid or chloroplasts in modern plants and some protists.

Unicellular algae have evolved into multicellular red algae in order to combat engulfment of amoebas and to produce organic matter more efficiently. Benefits and drawbacks of multicellular organisms.

The ancestors of comb jellies are believed to be the earliest multicellular animals. They evolved from choanoflagellates approximately 700 to 800 million years ago. Subsequently, they further evolved into soft-bodied, immobile animals in the Ediacara Garden and eventually became extinct during the early Cambrian period.

Most animals of Ediacaran biota (also know as Vendian biota) were soft-bodied and lacked skeletons. They have no muscles and nerves and are camp-solid filter feeders.

The Cambrian explosion was a period of rapid diversification and speciation of animals that lasted for about 20 million years. Increased oxygen and the presence of predators are thought to be the main reasons.

Aquatic algae evolved into semi-aquatic algae and then to mosses and ferns, which prefer moisture and shade. Ferns also formed the first forests.