Plant cells have a central vacuole, chloroplasts, and a cell wall. Animal cells do not have these. They are more varied in shape and have more abundant mitochondria.

What is organelle definition? A cell organelle is a membrane-enclosed subunit within a eukaryote that has a specific function

Nucleus is known as cell control center. Double membrane nuclear envelope regulate material exchange between cytoplasm and nucleus. Chromatin is the DNA and histones. It compacts into chromosome in cell division.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a complex single membrane-bound organelles. Rough ER is responsible for protein synthesis, modification, smooth ER plays a role in lipid metabolism, detoxification, and calcium storage.

The Golgi apparatus, Golgi complex or Golgi body is composed of vesicles and flat stacked sacs. It's divided into cis face, trans face and medial region. It's the place where proteins, lipids and polysaccharides are processed, sorted and packaged.

Ribosome is ribozyme that responsible for protein synthesis in cells and it is referred to as protein factory. The ribosomes in prokaryotes are smaller. Eukaryotes have two types: free ribosomes and attached ribosomes.

The pH inside lysosomes is around 5, and there are various acid hydrolases. Lysosomes degrade aging organelles in autophagy. They also degrade pathogens, aging cells, and damaged extracellular matrix in heterophagy.

The smaller vacuoles fuse into central vacuole of land plants that accounts for about 90% of the volume. They are water and nutrient pools. They also control ion concentrations to regulate metabolism, and engulf aging organelles.

The spherical peroxisomes are abundant in eukaryotic cells. They break down fats and toxic substances and are involved in the synthesis of lipids, bile acids and purines.

Proplastid is mother of all other plastid. Leucoplast develope into amyloplast, proteinoplast, and elaioplast to store starch, protein, and fat or oil. Amyloplast is also a gravity sensor. The ester from elaioplast is humectant and antioxidant for pollen.

Chromoplasts are derived from chloroplasts, and the differentiation is sometimes reversible. They are filled with crystalline carotenoids, which are accessory pigments and antioxidants in photosynthesis. Chromoplasts give plants brilliant colors to attract animals.

Proplastid develops into etioplast in darkness. Etioplast develops into chloroplast in sunlight. Their distribution is according to light intensity. Chloroplast morphology varies in different species and tissues. They proliferation is binary fission and buding.

Ultrastructure of plant chloroplasts. 5-100 disc-shaped thylakoids are stacked into grana. The C3 cycle occurs in stroma. Absorption of light energy occurs in thylakoids. Half of the proteins in stroma are Rubisco.

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cell powerhouses. How were they discovered and related to energy metabolism? How do they reproduce? The quantity, shape, and distribution of mitochondria reflect metabolic rate.

Ultrastructure of mitochondria: outer membrane, inner membrane and matrix. How do mitochondria produce energy? Other functions: calcium ions regulation and transit station for synthesis and decomposition.

Microtubules are composed of tubulin protein subunits that come in two similar forms: alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin. These subunits assemble together to form a tubular structure with a diameter of about 25 nanometers. They play a key role in support, intracellular transport, cell division, movement of cilia and flagella.